Evaluación fiable de las habilidades motrices básicas en la infancia. Proyecto ALFA-MOV

El desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas (HMB) es una fase crucial del desarrollo integral infantil con influencia en la adquisición de un estilo de vida saludable. Sin embargo, la evaluación de las HMB es una tarea pendiente. Esta tesis aporta resultados que podrían servir de base para incrementar y mejorar esta evaluación. Se presenta una revisión sistemática sobre la fiabilidad del Test of Gross Motor Development. Además, se aportan resultados novedosos de fiabilidad entre evaluadores de diferentes perfiles, con varios métodos de evaluación, y tras el acuerdo de los evaluadores sobre los criterios de rendimiento de las HMB previo a la evaluación. En base a estos hallazgos, se ha desarrollado Alfamov, aplicación que permite una evaluación sencilla, fiable y sistematizada de las HMB en la infancia

Psychomotor development disorders in apparently healthy children and considerations of family evaluation

Difficulties that paediatricians find when evaluating psychomotor development at an early age result in the possibility that, at the school stage, seemingly healthy children can conceal development disorders, thereby complicating their detection, even within their own family environment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of developmental disorders in children without a prior diagnosis and the consistency between family perception and the real state of development. 187 pupils (51.3% boys) with an average age of 4.3 years (DT = 1.2) took part in the study. The real state of psychomotor development was evaluated using the Battelle-2 Inventory, while family perception was assessed using the Age and Stages Questionnaires. Results revealed an average prevalence of 10% for impaired developmental, while 13.3% displayed delayed motor development. Regarding family perception, families attributed the above-average performance to their children in all aspects. Therefore, the level of correlation between family perception and real development was light in all the dimensions analysed. The results of this study emphasize the excessive number of children with developmental disorders that have gone undetected, as well as the limitations of evaluation tools for parents when used for children with no apparent risk

The Visible Behaviour of Drowning Persons: A Pilot Observational Study Using Analytic Software and a Nominal Group Technique

Although drowning is a common phenomenon, the behaviour of drowning persons is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of this behaviour. This was an observational study of drowning videos observed by 20 international experts in the field of water safety. For quantitative analysis, each video was analysed with Lince observation software by four participants. A Nominal Group Technique generated input for the qualitative analysis and the two principal investigators conducted a post-hoc analysis. A total of 87.5% of the 23 videos showed drowning in swimming pools, 50% of the drowned persons were male, and 58.3% were children or teenagers. Nineteen persons were rescued before unconsciousness and showed just the beginning of downing behaviour. Another five were rescued after unconsciousness, which allowed the observation of their drowning behaviour from the beginning to the end. Significant differences were found comparing both groups regarding the length of disappearances underwater, number, and length of resurfacing (resp. p = 0.003, 0.016, 0.005) and the interval from the beginning of the incident to the rescue (p = 0.004). All persons drowned within 2 min. The qualitative analysis showed previously suggested behaviour patterns (immediate disappearance n = 5, distress n = 6, instinctive drowning response n = 6, climbing ladder motion n = 3) but also a striking new pattern (backward water milling n = 19). This study confirms previous assumptions of drowning behaviour and provides novel evidence-based information about the large variety of visible behaviours of drowning persons. New behaviours, which mainly include high-frequency resurfacing during a struggle for less than 2 min and backward water milling, have been recognised in this study

a four-year follow-up study in portuguese children

Children?s motor competence (MC) was negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic; however, possible chronic effects have not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the possible impact of the forced lack of physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 lockdown on children?s MC two years later. The motor competence of sixty-seven healthy children (7.4?12.2 years old) was assessed using the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA). All participants completed the MCA tests at two different moments (before and after the COVID-19 lockdown), four years apart. The mean values after the COVID-19 lockdown for all participants on the subscales and on the Total MCA are lower, but no significant changes were found when controlling for gender and age (p > 0.05 in all analyses). However, a significant decrease was found in the Locomotor subscale in boys (p = 0.003). After dividing the participants into three age groups, the youngest also suffered a decrease in the Locomotor subscale (p < 0.001) and their Total MCA (p = 0.04). In addition, those participants who had a higher MC at baseline decreased their scores for the Locomotor (p < 0.001) and Manipulative (p < 0.001) subscales, and for the Total MCA (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the younger children and the more motor proficient did not fully recover from the negative effects of the pandemic lockdown after two years.4811-99FE-2ECD | Luis Paulo RodriguesN/

Changes in healthy habits regarding physical activity and sedentary lifestyle during a national lockdown due to covid-19

El presente estudio analizó el efecto del confinamiento en España derivado de la COVID-19 en niveles de actividad física diaria, ejercicio físico y comportamientos sedentarios. Tras la declaración del estado de alarma, se difundió un cuestionario por redes sociales con preguntas sociodemográficas, actividad física y comportamientos sedentarios. Posteriormente, se envió por correo electrónico otro cuestionario en relación con la nueva situación de confinamiento. Respondieron a ambos cuestionarios 474 participantes. Se registró un aumento del peso e índice de masa corporal durante el confinamiento (p < .001). Aumentó el número de días en los que se realizaba ejercicio físico en tiempo de ocio (p < .001), pero no el tiempo de práctica semanal total. Se redujo el tiempo de actividad física durante actividades académicas y/o profesionales y el tiempo destinado a desplazamientos (p < .001). Se registró un mayor tiempo de sueño, siestas y sedestación (p < .01). El presente estudio evidencia la necesidad de crear estrategias eficaces encaminadas a aumentar la práctica de actividad física y promover los hábitos de vida saludables, especialmente durante la actual crisis humanitaria y posibles futurasThe aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a lockdown in Spain due to COVID-19 on the levels of physical activity, exercise and sedentary lifestyle. After declaring state of alarm in Spain, a questionnaire was distributed via social networks with demographic questions, academic and/or employment status, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. Subsequently, another questionnaire was sent by email in relation to the new lockdown measures. 474 participants replied to both questionnaires. An increase in weight and body mass index was recorded during lockdown (p <0.001). The number of days in which physical activity was practiced during leisure time increased (p <0.001), but the total time of weekly practice stayed the same. The time of physical activity during academic time and the time spent walking was reduced, as well as was the time spent walking (p <0.001). Longer sleep, naps and sitting time was also recorded (p <0.01). The present study shows the need to create effective strategies aimed to increase the practice of physical activity and promote a healthy lifestyle during the current humanitarian crisis and possible future onesS

The Visible Behaviour of Drowning Persons: A Pilot Observational Study Using Analytic Software and a Nominal Group Technique

Although drowning is a common phenomenon, the behaviour of drowning persons is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of this behaviour. This was an observational study of drowning videos observed by 20 international experts in the field of water safety. For quantitative analysis, each video was analysed with Lince observation software by four participants. A Nominal Group Technique generated input for the qualitative analysis and the two principal investigators conducted a post-hoc analysis. A total of 87.5% of the 23 videos showed drowning in swimming pools, 50% of the drowned persons were male, and 58.3% were children or teenagers. Nineteen persons were rescued before unconsciousness and showed just the beginning of downing behaviour. Another five were rescued after unconsciousness, which allowed the observation of their drowning behaviour from the beginning to the end. Significant differences were found comparing both groups regarding the length of disappearances underwater, number, and length of resurfacing (resp. p = 0.003, 0.016, 0.005) and the interval from the beginning of the incident to the rescue (p = 0.004). All persons drowned within 2 min. The qualitative analysis showed previously suggested behaviour patterns (immediate disappearance n = 5, distress n = 6, instinctive drowning response n = 6, climbing ladder motion n = 3) but also a striking new pattern (backward water milling n = 19). This study confirms previous assumptions of drowning behaviour and provides novel evidence-based information about the large variety of visible behaviours of drowning persons. New behaviours, which mainly include high-frequency resurfacing during a struggle for less than 2 min and backward water milling, have been recognised in this study

Motor competence and health-related physical fitness in schoolchildren

Objetivo: analizar las posibles asociaciones entre el grado de desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas y la condición física relacionada con la salud en escolares de Educación Primaria. Métodos: en 21 escolares sanos (14 niñas) de 7-12 años se evaluó la competencia motriz, mediante el Test of Gross Motor Development, que aporta las puntuaciones globales, de las habilidades locomotrices y de control de objetos; y, también la condición física relacionada con la salud, con la batería ALPHA-Fitness que incluye la capacidad músculo-esquelética, composición corporal y capacidad motora. Resultados: las habilidades locomotrices se asociaron positivamente con la capacidad músculo-esquelética (r=0.662; p<0.001) e inversamente con la capacidad motora (r=-0.587, p=0.005). Además, la habilidad de la carrera se relacionó inversamente con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de cintura (r=- 0.550, p=0.010; r=-0.510, p=0.018, respectivamente). En cuanto a las habilidades de control de objetos, se asociaron también de manera inversa con la capacidad motora (r=-0.532, p=0.013) y, concretamente, la recepción con el IMC (r=-0.487, p<0.025). El lanzamiento por encima de la cabeza se asoció positivamente con la capacidad músculo-esquelética (r=0.529, p=0.014). Conclusiones: los hitos de competencia motriz de los escolares se asocian con sus parámetros antropométricos y con indicadores de la condición física (capacidades músculo-esquelética y motora). Estos hechos apoyan la puesta en marcha de estrategias para evaluar y tratar de mejorar la competencia motriz y la condición física de los/as escolares, desde las primeras etapas, de cara a incrementar sus habilidades físicas y su salud a largo plazoTo assess the possible associations between the development level of fundamental movement skills and health-related physical fitness in primary schoolchildren. Methods: in 21 healthy schoolchildren (14 girls) aged 7-12 years, motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, which provide motor competence score and also locomotor and object control skills scores; and health- related physical fitness was evaluated using the ALPHA-Fitness test battery, which includes the assessment of musculoskeletal fitness, body composition, and motor fitness. Results: locomotor skills were positively associated with musculoskeletal fitness (r=0.662; p<0.001) and inversely associated with motor fitness (r=-0.587, p=0.005). In addition, run was inversely related to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (r=-0.550, p=0.010; r=-0.510, p=0.018, respectively). Regarding object control skills, they were also inversely associated with motor fitness (r=-0.532, p=0.013) and, in particular, catch with BMI (r=-0.487, p<0.025). The overhand throw was positively associated with musculoskeletal fitness (r=0.529, p=0.014).Conclusion: motor competence milestones of schoolchildren are associated with their anthropometric measurements and physical fitness indicators (musculoskeletal and motor fitness). These facts support the implementation of strategies to assess and try to improve the motor competence and physical fitness of schoolchildren, from the earliest ages, in order to increase their physical skills and long-term healthS

Comparación de la calidad en la ventilación de socorristas nóveles y veteranos. Un estudio piloto de simulación.

Antecedentes: Los socorristas son fundamentales en la reanimación del ahogado en parada cardiorrespiratoria. En las víctimas ahogadas es prioritario administrar oxigenación. Distintas técnicas de administración de ventilaciones se han investigado y hay controversia sobre la más efectiva. Objetivos: comparar el efecto de la ventilación boca a boca (VBB), ventilación con bolsa y mascarilla (VBM) y ventilación con pocket-mask (VPM) sobre la calidad de RCP entre socorristas recién certificados y socorristas profesionales en activo. Método: 52 socorristas profesionales (14 recién certificados y 38 en activo sin formación en soporte vital básico (SVB) el último año). Cada socorrista realizó 3 test aleatorizados de RCP en un maniquí Resusci Anne conectado a Wireless SkillReporter (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) variando la técnica de ventilación: VBB, VBM y VPM. La RCP fue de 4 minutos de duración, por parejas, con un cambio de roles a los 2 minutos, y con el protocolo de ahogados (iniciando por 5 ventilaciones). La calidad global de RCP fue calculada con la fórmula QCPR = (QCT + VVA)/2. Siendo QCT (calidad de posición de manos + ritmo + reexpansión torácica + profundidad) /4 y VVA las ventilaciones administradas con volumen adecuado (500-600ml). Resultados: Los participantes inexpertos recién certificados alcanzaron resultados mejores en todas las variables analizadas en comparación con los profesionales en activo. Esto incluye la calidad global de la RCP con VBB (50.918.41% vs. 35.4912.06%, p=0.002) y VPM (49.094.74% vs. 34.979.69%, p<0.001), así como la mayoría de las variables de calidad de las ventilaciones con las 3 técnicas: VBB, VBM y VPM. Conclusiones: Los socorristas inexpertos recién certificados realizan mejor RCP, incluyendo la ventilación, que los que no han recibido una formación reciente. Es clave la actualización del SVB frecuente en socorristas

Performing simulated basic life support without seeing: blind vs. blindfolded people

Previous pilot experience has shown the ability of visually impaired and blind people (BP) to learn basic life support (BLS), but no studies have compared their abilities with blindfolded people (BFP) after participating in the same instructor-led, real-time feedback training. Twenty-nine BP and 30 BFP participated in this quasi-experimental trial. Training consisted of a 1 h theoretical and practical training session with an additional 30 min afterwards, led by nurses with prior experience in BLS training of various collectives. Quantitative quality of chest compressions (CC), AED use and BLS sequence were evaluated by means of a simulation scenario. BP’s median time to start CC was less than 35 s. Global and specific components of CC quality were similar between groups, except for compression rate (BFP: 123.4 + 15.2 vs. BP: 110.8 + 15.3 CC/min; p = 0.002). Mean compression depth was below the recommended target in both groups, and optimal CC depth was achieved by 27.6% of blind and 23.3% of blindfolded people (p = 0.288). Time to discharge was significantly longer in BFP than BP (86.0 + 24.9 vs. 66.0 + 27.0 s; p = 0.004). Thus, after an adapted and short training program, blind people were revealed to have abilities comparable to those of blindfolded people in learning and performing the BLS sequence and CCS

Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) is one of the most common tools for assessing the fundamental movement skills (FMS) in children between 3 and 10 years. This study aimed to examine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the TGMD—3rd Edition (TGMD-3) between expert and novice raters using live and video assessment. Five raters [2 experts and 3 novices (one of them BSc in Physical Education and Sport Science)] assessed and scored the performance of the TGMD-3 of 25 healthy children [Female: 60%; mean (standard deviation) age 9.16 (1.31)]. Schoolchildren were attending at one public elementary school during the academic year 2019–2020 from Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Raters scored each children performance through two viewing moods (live and slow-motion). The ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) was used to determine the agreement between raters. Our results showed moderate-to-excellent intra-rater reliability for overall score and locomotor and ball skills subscales; moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability for overall and ball skills; and poor-to-good for locomotor subscale. Higher intra-rater reliability was achieved by the expert raters and novice rater with physical education background compared to novice raters. However, the inter-rater reliability was more variable in all the raters regardless of their experience or background. No significant differences in reliability were found when comparing live and video assessments. For clinical practice, it would be recommended that raters reach an agreement before the assessment to avoid subjective interpretations that might distort the results